El AGUA EN NUESTROS DIÁS

Nacho experto en este medio

agua

INTRODUCCIÓN

El suministro de agua para la actividad humana es un problema de larga data , originalmente los pueblos se han erigido  cerca de un río , laguna , manantial o  cualquier fuente de agua natural , actualmente se utilizan recursos artificiales como la captación de aguas subterraneas lo que permite el suministro líquido en el lugar donde se lo necesite ,   el origen de este agua  esta dado en el agua de lluvia o en el  aporte de aguas arrolladas  confinadas  en acuíferos  en las profundidades de la tierra.
Es posible que tu navegador no permita visualizar esta imagen.Han llegado allí percolando por las capas permeables del suelo hasta alcanzar una superficie impermeable  o cuasi impermeable donde queda retenida,   una parte de ella queda atrapada  por atracción molecular  o capilaridad  en las capas superficiales  , el resto sigue hacia abajo impulsada por la gravedad ,  hasta  acumularse  sostenida por una capa aislante  , en este punto el agua llena todos los poros de del substrato almacén  y  conforma lo que se conoce como zona de saturación de un acuífero  , mientras que la que había sido por capilaridad  o atracción molecular  constituye  la zona de aireación del acuífero.

Contaminación del Agua Subterránea

Es posible que tu navegador no permita visualizar esta imagen.El agua al caer con la lluvia por enfriamiento de las nubes arrastra impurezas del aire. Al circular por la superficie o a nivel de capas profundas, se le añaden otros contaminantes químicos, físicos o biológicos. Puede contener productos derivados de la disolución de los terrenos: calizas (CO3Ca), calizas dolomíticas (CO3Ca- CO3Mg), yeso (SO4Ca-H2O), anhidrita (SO4Ca), sal (ClNa), cloruro potásico (ClK), silicatos, oligoelementos, nitratos, hierro, potasio, cloruros, fluoruros, así como materias orgánicas.
Hay pues una contaminación natural, pero al tiempo puede existir otra muy notable de procedencia humana, por actividades agrícolas, ganaderas o industriales, que hace sobrepasar la capacidad de autodepuración de la naturaleza.
Al ser recurso imprescindible para la vida humana y para el desarrollo socioeconómico, industrial y agrícola, una contaminación a partir de cierto nivel cuantitativo o cualitativo, puede plantear un problema de Salud Pública.
Es posible que tu navegador no permita visualizar esta imagen.Los márgenes de los componentes permitidos para destino a consumo humano, vienen definidos en los “criterios de potabilidad” y regulados en la legislación. Ha de definirse que existe otra Reglamentación específica, para las bebidas envasadas y aguas medicinales.
Una de las contaminaciones mas comunes es la natural debida al gran poder solvente del agua pura ,  y  también resulta ser una de las mas difíciles de filtrar ya que estos componentes se encuentran en estado iónico molecular , en estos casos la mejor solución consiste en realizar la captación óptima del acuífero  , es decir elegir el  lugar y la porción del manto menos contaminada mediante la exploración con sondeos geoelétricos  ( SEV s ) que permiten extraer la mejor calidad de agua contenida en la napa y  como la concentración de sólidos disueltos puede variar drásticamente con la profundidad de la captación ,  esta tecnología desarrollada en nuestros  laboratorios ( INSSA )  permite medir la cantidad de sólidos disueltos en el agua del subsuelo y garantizar así la calidad del producto a extraer , conociendo de antemano los requisitos buscados puede elegirse el punto a perforar  para obtener la mejor calidad y asegurar que la depresión de la napa no cause en un futuro un cambio de calidad.
Es posible que tu navegador no permita visualizar esta imagen.En esta foto vemos un equipo de georesistividad de alta precisión empleado para realizar estudios a mas de 250 m de profundidad.
Con un error próximo al 3% lo que permite medir desde la superficie  la concentración mineral de las distintas capas del acuífero  ,   y  conjuntamente con la información hidrogeológica  satelital  definir los parámetros de la perforación.
Conociendo de antemano la calidad del agua a  extraer ,  el proceso siguiente  consiste en  perforar ,  perfilar el pozo  para distribuir la regillas de captación , encamisar y  luego  engravar,
Finalmente  desarrollar la perforación  a los efectos de una captación óptima.
Es posible que tu navegador no permita visualizar esta imagen.En este punto  se debe ensayar hidráulicamente el pozo  para medir el caudal específico del mismo  y el caudal crítico como así también otros parámetros hidráulicos  relacionados con el bombeo en función del tiempo  y los esquemas de recarga del acuífero .
Que permitirán seleccionar la bomba adecuada al rendimiento  del sistema.
Una vez realizada toda esta operación se está en condiciones de analizar el agua extraída y recomendar un condicionamiento final del producto , que  consistirá en un filtrado  del agua cruda extraída  para retener alguna sustancia  nociva como  cromo ,  arsénico , flúor  por citar las mas comunes.

Ubicación lineal de sensores

La zona saturada es la única que contiene agua explotable ,  es decir tiene la capacidad de ceder su contenido  ,  mientras que la zona de aireación  contiene humedad pero no la cede , en esta última se halla también el agua en tránsito hacia la zona de  saturación , que recibe el nombre de agua de gravedad.
En las regiones planas de la superficie terrestre estos mantos acuíferos  son continuos  siguiendo suavemente el relieve terrestre ,  en las zonas escarpadas  o montañosas  básicamente en lo que se conoce como pie de montaña  estos mantos son discontinuos  y el agua subterranea  se encuentra generalmente en los espacios entre las formaciones sólidas  .

TECNOLOGÍA   de   PROSPECCIÓN

Procesos                                        Objetivos                                 Equipos

Estudio Satelital             Determinación de  altitudes            Recepción de

Agua en superficie  niveles            imágenes  via  net

Sondeo  geoeléctrico               Medición de resistividad           Terrascan  400

en  función de la profundidad             digital *

de calidad de  Aguas

Perfilado                           Ubicación de rejillas captadoras          Sonda Potencial

Ensayo  Hidráulico             Determinación  de Parámetros          Sonda

Hidráulicos para cálculo de               Freatimética

Bombeo y sistemas de Riego            Caudalímetro

En todos estos procesos de toma de datos e información de Ingeniería utilizamos los mejores equipos  e instrumentos de que se dispone en el mundo tecnológico en que vivimos pero es de hacer resaltar el equipo de  georresistividad , cuya precisión y la calidad  de  sus componentes como los sensores receptores  líquidos  permiten llevar la precisión de la medida hasta un  97%  ,  valor inusual en este tipo de técnicas donde lo habitual  no supera  el  90%  , con esta tecnología  resulta posible medir la calidad química del agua  en forma no invasiva  para asegurar el resultado de la explotación futura.

presentacion1

RIEGO Agrícola

Una  vez  seleccionado el tipo de cultivo y de acuerdo a las características ambientales de la zona  , queda definido el caudal de riego y la calidad del agua necesaria ,  comienza entonces la tarea de captarla  y aplicarla al sistema.

En función del tipo de emisor utilizado y su colocación se distinguen tres tipos de riego localizado:

  • Por goteo.
  • Por tuberías emisoras.
  • Por microaspersión y microdifusión

RIEGO POR GOTEO

Es el sistema de riego localizado más popular. El agua circula a presión por la instalación hasta llegar a los goteros, en los que se pierde presión y velocidad,
saliendo gota a gota. Son utilizados normalmente en cultivos con marco de plantación amplio (olivar, frutales, etc.), cultivo en invernadero (tomate, pimiento, pepino, melón, ornamentales), y en algunos cultivos en línea (algodón, coliflor, repollo, patata, etc).

Los goteros suelen trabajar a una presión de aproximadamente 1 kg/cm2 conocido popularmente por kilo y suministran caudales entre 2 y 16 litros/horas. Lo mas frecuente es que las tuberías laterales y los goteros estén situados sobre la superficie del suelo, y el agua se infiltre y distribuya en el subsuelo. Es el riego por goteo en superficie. En ocasiones las tuberías laterales se entierran entre 20 y 70 cm y los goteros aportan el agua a esa

profundidad, conociéndose entonces como riego por goteo subterráneo. La profundidad de enterrado del portagoteros dependerá del tipo de cultivo y del tipo de suelo. Este sistema esta basado en la utilización de franjas de humedad que garantizan una buena uniformidad de riego. Tiene como principal inconveniente la obstrucción de goteros y la dificultad de detectar fallos en el funcionamiento de estos así como de su reparación.

riego

RIEGO POR TUBERÍAS EMISORAS.

Se caracteriza por la instalación de tuberías emisoras sobre la superficie del suelo creando una banda continua de suelo humedecido y no en puntos localizados como en el riego por goteo. Su uso mas frecuente es en cultivos en línea con muy poca distancia entre plantas. Las mas utilizadas son las tuberías goteadoras y las tuberías exudantes.

riego2

RIEGO POR MICROASPERSIÓN Y MICRODIFUSIÓN.

En el riego por microaspersión, el agua se aplica sobre la superficie del suelo en forma de lluvia muy fina, mojando una zona determinada que depende del alcance de cada emisor. Esta indicado tanto para cultivos leñosos como para cultivos herbáceos de distinto marco de plantación.

Se distinguen los emisores denominados microaspersores y los denominados microdifusores. En ambos casos suelen trabajar a presiones entre 1 y 2 kg/cm2 y suministran caudales de hasta 200 l/h.

Autor :  Ing  Jorge Daniel Quiros

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